Spreadsheets are where many multi-academy trusts start, and for a single form entry they can just about cope. Run several schools from them and the cracks show quickly. Versions multiply, formulas break, and no one is quite sure which file is current. For a trust accountable to governors, the Department for Education and parents, that is a real risk rather than a minor annoyance.

For more detail, see Compass Education.

Start with licensing itself. Ask how it is calculated: per pupil, per module, per site, or a flat fee. Confirm what happens as pupil numbers change and how the price behaves at renewal. A figure that looks fine this year can move sharply once a discount lapses, so ask for the standard renewal price in writing, not only the introductory one.

None of these five questions guarantees a good outcome on their own, but a vendor unwilling or unable to answer any of them plainly before a contract is signed is worth treating as a warning sign, whatever the rest of the proposal looks like.

Independent schools carry commercial responsibilities that many state schools do not: fee billing, catering accounts, extras and a parent body that expects a smooth, professional experience. When you weigh a school management information system for an independent setting, the finance and day-to-day operational modules deserve as much attention as the admin core.

Data portability is the second essential question, and it should be asked before any enthusiasm about features clouds the discussion. If the school ends the contract in three or five years, can it export its full historical data, in a usable format, without additional fees or delay? Get this answer in writing as part of the contract itself, not as a verbal assurance during the sales process, since it is precisely the point where the balance of power shifts away from the school once a contract is signed.